Disclosure to Promote the Right To InformationWhereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. इंटरनेट मानक“!ान $ एक न’ भारत का +नम-ण”Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”“प0रा1 को छोड न’ 5 तरफ”Jawaharlal Nehru“Step Out From the Old to the New”“जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार”Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan“The Right to Information, The Right to Live”“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता है”Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”ैIS 5642 (1991): Permeable sintered metal materials -Determination of density,oil content,and open porosity [MTD25: Powder Metallurgical Materials and Products]IS 6642 : 1991 IS0 2738 : 1987 Indian Standard PERMEABLE WNTERED METAL MATERIALS - DETERMINATION OF DENSITY, OIL CONTENT, AND OPEN POROSITY ( Second Revision ) UDC 669-492-2-l 38.8 : 531,754 0 BIS 1991 BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI 110002 June 1991 Price Group 5 ‘xauue ue se PaDnpoJdaJ aJe 899~ 0~1 wOJ4 13eJlxa 1uehalaJ aql *pJepueis syl ~I!M uo!l3un[uo3 u! asn ~04 alqe -idawe aJe Aaql laql papl3ap sei( pue ‘lxal aql u! apew s! aWaJa4aJ YDI~M 01 ,uoile3l4lsse(:, Ayso3S!~ OSI - SlUe3!Jqnl p!nb!l li!JlSnpUl, 8~~s OS1 40 SUO!S!AOJd aql pama!nai sey aall!hwdi leD!uqDal ayl lualeA!nba Allatyy3al lUa(eA!nba Alleyuy3al luale+nba Alle3!uy3al amajeqnbg 40 aada~ lalyxos Aq JapMod ylelaw pale:, -!Jqnl 40 luaiuo3 1uecyJqnl~ 40 uoyeu -!wJalap ~04 powaw 9861 : 909 1 t si SJalawouyAd OL6 1 : L 1Lli SI sp!nb!l 40 Aysuap 40 uo!l 96tP OSI, LO% OSI -eu!wJalaP Jo4 PolllaW 8961 : OGLtr SI 89L OSI pJepuets ue!puf plepuels leuo!ieuraml : pale%pu! suop!pa ayl~o4 a3ualeAyba 40 aaJ6ap J!ac(l C($!NV Guole Molaq paw1 ale a3eld J!aql u! palnl!lsqns 3q 01 ale VD!~M spJepuelg ue!pul BtypuodsaJJo3 aql *ls!xa osle spJepuels ue!pul V!llM Jo4 SpJepuelS leuo!leuJalul uyJa3 01 sleadde aDuaJa4aJ ‘pJepuels paldope aqr u( .JayJew lew!Dap ayl se ( * ) lu!od e asn 01 s! a3!1_ -3eJd luaJJn3 ayl ‘SpJepuelS ue!pul u! al++ ‘JayJew leu.t!Dap e se pasn uaaq seq ( ’ ) ewwo~z (q *,pJepuelS ue!pul, se pear aq PInoW Aayi ‘PJapUalS s!yl 01 6u!JJa)aJ Jeadde ,pJepuelS leuo!leuJalul, SPJOM all1 JaAaJaqj\l( (e : 6U!MO((O4 aql 01 UMeJp Al(e!Dadsa S! UO!lUatlv *spJepueiS ue!pul u! pasn asoyl yl!~ (eyiuap! lou aJe suo!luaAuoD u!elJaD ‘pJepuels paldope ayl ul *pardope uaaq say L861 : 8ELZ OSI ‘uo!s!AaJ s!w ul ‘Z861 U! Pas!AaJ pue O,3jL U! paclsyqnd lsJ!4 SeM ZP99 SI *1!3uno3 uo!s!n!a 6U!JaaU!6GJ le3!6Jnllela~ a41 40 IeAOJdde pue ‘( 91 ain ) aalywwo3 jeuo!l3ag sl3npoJd pue sle!Jaleyy le3!6Jnllele~ JapMod aql 40 suoyepuawwo3aJ ayl uo spJepuelg ue!pul 40 neaJng ayl Aq paldope seM ‘( 0~1 ) uo!lez!pJepuelS JO) uo!lezpe6Jg ~euopeuJalu~ ayi Aq panss! ‘,AysoJod uado pue ‘lualuo3 I!O ‘Al!suap 40 uo!leu!wJaiaa - sle!Jalew lelaw paJalu!s aiqeawJad, ~86 t : ~ELZ OSI YI!M ie3!luap! s! L(~M ( uo!s!Aatl PuoDag ) pqueig uqpui s!u ( UO~Spq+ AlISOklOd N3dO atrOM3kJOJ WNOIlVN
[email protected] I QNV ‘INUN 11~0 ‘AIISNXI JO NOIlWNIWk4313Cl - slvlkl3lwJ lV13W aBl31NIS 3law3wtl3d L86L : 8ELZ 081 L66L : o”; t/l /A) % peyp! kJ peu!eaqo uedo auWJo3 I!0 Aa!suea ynsw ~0) aJnpaQOJd asal paU!UU93ap aq 0) Sa!JJadOJd 1owJAs ‘~1 Aq opu ayi Bu!A)d!ynw pue aDaid lsa$ ay, 40 alun)or\ aqi - nq uo!leusaJdw! I)n4 Jeye lualuQ3 I!O aql WP!AW Aq ‘auJnioA Aq a6eluaaJad e se paSSaJdXa s! aaa!d lsal al(l)0 Al.!SOJOd L all the parts shall be subjected to the density determination. The density of the test piece shall be determined from the total mass and the total volume. 6.2 If the test piece is too small to be measured easily, either a number of test pieces shall be tested together to obtain the average value, or the pyknometer method shall be used (see 7.6.8). NOTE - In general, this is the case when the individual pieces have a volume less than 0,5 cm3. 6.3 The surface of the test piece shall be free of adhering dirt, grease, or other foreign material. 6.4 The surface of the test piece shall be free from surplus oil, for example that held by capillary action or surface tension. When removing any such surplus oil with an oil-absorbent material, care shall be taken to avoid removing oil-contained in the pores. NOTE - The presence of surplus oil on the surface of the test piece is most likely to occur after the full impregnation treatment. 7 Test procedures 7.1 Determination of the initial mass of the test piece Weigh the test piece in the condition in which it was received, to obtain rn,. NOTE - If the test piece is known to contain no oil, the procedures described in 7.2 and 7.3 are omitted. In this case, ml is substituted for mg in the formulae given in 8.1 and 8.3. 7.2 Removal of oil from the test piece by solvent extraction Approximately 3 h of soaking and about 10 solvent changes are required to remove the oil from test pieces of average density and small wall thickness. For thick walls and high density, up to 24 h are sometimes required. NOTE - The Soxhlet extractor is a convenient apparatus for soaking the test piece in warm freshly distilled oil solvent. The distillation rate determines the number of cycles and hence the number of solvent changes that occur. A suitable Soxhlet unit is described in IS0 4495. l 1 mm2/s = 1 cSt Continue the extraction to constant mass after evaporation of the solvent left in the pores. NOTE - Experience will indicate the best extraction time and distilla- tion rate to use. Dry the test piece to constant mass (i.e. until the reduction in mass produced by the’ last extraction does not exceed 0,055 % 1 at a temperature of 26 OC above the boiling point of the sol- vent, then cool in a desiccator and weigh. Choose the solvent so that complete dissolution of the oil is ensured. This requirement shall be tested for separately. The solvent used shall be stated in the test report. For practical control purposes, other methods for removing the oil may be used (such as heating in a protective atmosphere). In cases of dispute, the Soxhlet extraction method shall be the reference method. 7.3 Determination of the mass of the dried test piece Weigh the test piece after solvent extraction and drying obtain rn2. 7.4 impregnation with oil and surface coating to 7.4.1 Full impregnation (for determination of the open poro- sity) Submerge the test piece in oil, contained in any suitable vessel capable of withstanding a vacuum. Reduce the pressure on the surface of the oil to between 1 and 10 MPa. Continue the vacuum treatment until no further bubbles appear on the surface of the oil. Restore the pressure in the vacuum chamber to that of the ~ambient atmosphere. Allow the test piece to remain submerged in the oil for a period which is not less than the period of the vacuum treatment. NOTE - For the majority of porous metals a single vacuum treatment is sufficient to ensure full impregnation. In some cases a second vacuum treatment is necessary to achieve ful! impregnation. This can be established by reducing the pressure a second time, and if no further air bubbles appear, it can be safely assumed that the first treatment has achieved full impregnation. The oil shall be completely immiscible with water and shall wet the porous metal. NOTE - Generally, the oil shall have a viscosity at 20 ‘-‘C of between 50 and 500 mm?,* which is in the range IS0 VG 22 to VG 150, as speci- fied in IS0 3445. With a low-viscosity oil, impregnation is faster than with a high-viscosity oil. Remove the test piece from the oil, allow to drain and remove the surplus surface oil as described in 6.4. IS 5642 : 1991 IS0 2738 : 1987 7.4.2 Partial impregnation (suitable for determination of the volume) The requirements of the oil are the same as stated in 7.4.1. Submerge the test piece in hot oil (65 ZL 5 OC) until no further air bubbles appear. Cool the test piece to room temperature whilst still submerged in oil by removing it froin the hot oil and quickly transferring it to cold oil. Remove the cooled test piece from the cold oil, allow to drain and remove the surplus surface oil as described in 6.4. 7.4.3 Surface coating methods (suitable for determination of the volume) Coat the -porous surface of the test piece with a film that prevents, by surface tension, the water from entering the -pores. The following techniques have been found to be suitable for particular types of porous metal. However, before any are used, the effectiveness oj the technique with respect to the type and shape of porous metal must first be established. 7.4.3.1 Petroleum jelly Smear the surface of the test piece with petroleum jelly and remove any~excess. 7.4.3.2 Silicones Many~silicone fluids produce surface films which are not wetted by water. Dip the test piece into either the silicone fluid or a dilute solution of the silicone fluid in a suitable solvent and dry to constant mass. 7.4.3.3 Paraffin wax Dip the test piece into a 5 % solution of paraffin wax in a suitable solvent and dry to constant mass. 7.5 Determination of the mass of the fully impregnated test piece Weigh the test piece after full oil impregnation to obtain m3. 7.6 Determination of the volume of the test piece 7.6.1 Determine the volume, V, of the test piece by weighing in air to obtain m,, and then submerge in water or other liquid of known density to obtain m,. Calculate the volume of the test piece by dividing the mass of displaced liquid by the densi- ty of the liquid. 7.6.2 With porous metals, it is essential that the liquid used is not absorbed by the pores. For this reason, the pores are im- pregnated with oil, and water is usually used as the test liquid, but it is not always necessary to impregnate a test apiece fully. However, in order to ensure that no water enters the pores when the test piece is submerged in the water, the test piece may be partially impregnated or surface coated as described in 7.4.2 and 7.4.3. As a reference method, the test piece shall be fully impregnated with oil as described in 7.4.1. NOTE - After weighing in water, the test piece should be reweighed in air (having removed any adhering water), to confirm that no water has been absorbed. 7.6.3 Figures 1,2 and 3 show methods of suspending the test piece during weighing. In general, the mass and volume of the device should be as small as possible. 7.6.4 The test piece can be suspended from _a piece of thin wire, and the total mass of the test piece and wire determined in air and in water. Allowance is made for the volume of the wire submerged in the water, but this is often insignificantly small when compared with the volume of the test piece. This allowance can be made by weighing the wire in air and then when submerged to the correct depth in water. Alternatively, the length of wire which is submerged can be measured, and the correction made based on the known volume of a unit length of wire. 7.6.5 Ensure that all air bubbles are removed from the surface of the test piece and the supporting device. It is permissible to add a few drops of wetting agent to the water. (See 5.4.) 7.6.6 The test piece and the water shall be at the same temperature. The normal test temperature is between 18 and 22 “C and the density, Q,, of pure water in this range may be taken as 0,997 g/cm? For temperatures outside this range, the water density shall be determined. 7.6.7 The volume, V, in cubic centimetres, is given by the equation 7.6.6 The volume can be determined using a pyknometer filled with a liquid of known density eV Impregnate the test piece fully with oil (see 7.4). Weigh the filled pyknometer together with the test piece outside the pyknometer, to obtain 1114. Place the test piece in the pyknometer, ensuring that the test piece and the liquid are at the reference temperature as specified in IS0 3507. Remove any entrapped air by shaking. Top up the pyknometer with the liquid and replace the stopper. Remove all liquid from the outside of the pyknometer with an absorbent material, taking particular care over the region where the stopper and the neck meet. Leave until last the removal of the drop of liquid left on the stopper. Weigh the filled pyknometer, with the test piece inside it, to obtain ms The volume, V, in cubic centimetres, is given by the equation v= m4 - m5 QL ynsaJ aqi pawage ahey Aeur q3p.j~ aOuaJJn330 hue 40 slylap (6 :(euo!ldo se papJe6aJ JO ‘pJep -1~1s leuo+euJawl syl Aq pay!ctads IOU suo!ieJado~ tie (4 : iual i103 po 40 uO!leu!cuJalap 40~ ase3 aql u! (paumsse Jo umouy ‘pamseam) anleA sgl 40 u$yo alli se IlaM se ‘aaa!d lsal a~1 U! luasald Alle!l!u! I!O aqi 40 Qsuap all140 anieh at41 (a :pau!eiqo 1lnsaJ aql pue pasn poglaw aw (p :Jaqwnu aql ‘1aqta6ol palsal uaaq a,\eq sasa!d lsal40 Jaqumu e ieyl luaha aql u! ‘JO ‘papy!pqns uaaq seq aOa!d isai aqi 4! (3 : alduras lsal ayi 40 uoym4!iuap! alli ~04 A~essa3au sl!elap Ile (q : pJepUelS leuo!leuJalul syl 01 aOuaJa4aJ (e : Uo!ieutJo4u! 6U!MOllO4 acli apnpu! ite+ LlodaJ isal ac(l uodar asal 6 ‘(,d: j) y. 1’0 JsaJeau al(i 01 Al!soJod uado al(l 1Jodatl elnutJo4 aql Aq uay6 s! ‘aumloh Aq a6e)uazJad e se passaldxa ‘Al!soJod uado al(l Aa!soJod uad() Wcighlng m water a) Welghing in air b) Weiqhlng XI water Figure 3 8 L 1st ISI ISI IS0 VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATION WITH CORRESPONDING KINEMATIC VISCOSITIES AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES FOR DIFFERING VISCOSITY INDICES IS0 viscosity grade Kinematic viscosity range cSt at 40 “C Approximate kinematic viscosity at other temperatures for different values of viscosity index Viscosity ifiili!x 0 Viscosity illtlcx 50 Viscosity index .- 95 cst at 20 “c CSI ntt37.8 ‘C, cSt at 5O’C cst at 20 c cSt nt 37.8 ‘C cst at 50 “c cSt at 20 “C cSt at 37.8 “C cSt at 50 “C OVG2 1 !jf, 3.12 17.87 3.G7) (7.05 7.52) (1.69 7.03) 12.u7 3.W) 17 .O!i 7.571 f 1 .r;n 7.03) 17.97 3.71) (2,OG 7.57) (1.69 7.03) OVG3 2.88 .- 3.52 (4.60 -- 5.991 (3,02 3,711 (2.37 2.03) (4.59 - 5.92) 13.02 3.701 (2,313 2.84) (4,58 5.83) - (3.01 - 3.69) 12.39 2.86) OVG5 4.14 - 5.06 (7.39 - 9.60) (4.38 - 5.38) (3.27 3.91) (7.25 9.35) (4.37 5.37) (3.29 - 3.95) (7.09 9,031 l4.36 - - 5.351 (3.32 -- 3.99) 0 VG 7 6.17 1,411 (17.3 1G.f)) If;.!;!; Il,O!il Pl.r;n 5.571 f 1 1 .!) l!r,3) W,‘,? Il,OI 1 (1,lN !i fi I , ) (11.4 14.41 win 1.W~ 14,1G 5 IT) . D VG 10 9.00. 11.0 20.2 25,9 9.73 17.0 6.53 7.R3 19.1 74.5 !).filI ,i) 1 1 fiJi5 I .!I!) 114.1 23.1 9.G4 11.8 G.7G 8.14 DVG15 13.5 - 16.5 33.5 - 43.0 14.7 - 18.1 9.43 .- 11.3 31 .G -~ 40.6 14.7 18.0 9.62 -- 11.5 29.8 38.3 14.6 -- - 17.9 9.80 11.8 3VG22 19.8 - 24,2 54.2 - 69.8 21
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