ASTM E1316-2019无损检测标准术语 ASTM E1316-2019 Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations

Designation E1316 19 Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations 1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1316; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. INDEX OF TERMS Section A Common NDT Terms B Acoustic Emission AE Terms C Electromagnetic Testing ET Terms D Gamma- and X-Radiologic Testing RT Terms E Leak Testing LT Terms F Liquid Penetrant Testing PT Terms G Magnetic Particle Testing MT Terms H Neutron Radiologic Testing NRT Terms I Ultrasonic Testing UT Terms J Infrared Testing IRT Terms K Holographic Testing HT Terms L Visual Testing VT Terms 1. Scope 1.1 This standard defines the terminology used in the standards prepared by the E07 Committee on Nondestructive Testing. These nondestructive testing NDT s include acoustic emission, electromagnetic testing, gamma- and X-radiology, leak testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, neutron radiology and gauging, ultrasonic testing, and other technical s. 1.2 Committee E07 recognizes that the terms examination, testing, and inspection are commonly used as synonyms in nondestructive testing. For uniity and consistency in E07 nondestructive testing standards, Committee E07 encourages the use of the term examination and its derivatives when describing the application of nondestructive test s. There are, however, appropriate exceptions when the term test and its derivatives may be used to describe the application of a nondestructive test, such as measurements which produce a numeric result for example, when using the leak testing to per a leak test on a component, or an ultrasonic measurement of velocity.Additionally, the term test should be used when referring to the NDT , that is, Radiologic Testing RT, Ultrasonic Testing UT, and so forth. Example Radiologic Testing RT is often used to examine material to detect internal discontinuities. 1.3 Section A defines terms that are common to multiple NDT s, whereas, the subsequent sections define terms pertaining to specific NDT s. 1.4 As shown on the chart below, when nondestructive testing produces an indication, the indication is subject to interpretation as false, nonrelevant, or relevant. If it has been interpreted as relevant, the necessary subsequent uation will result in the decision to accept or reject the material. With the exception of accept and reject, which retain the meaning found in most dictionaries, all the words used in the chart are defined in Section A. 1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.92 on Editorial Review. Current edition approved March 1, 2019. Published March 2019. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as E1316 18a. DOI 10.1520/E1316-19. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade TBT Committee. 1 Copyright ASTM International Provided by IHS Markit under license with ASTM LicenseeZhejiang Institute of Standardization/5956617001, Userxw, c Not for Resale, 03/27/2019 193211 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS --,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,--,,,,,,,--- 济南中船设备有限公司 1.5 This international standard was developed in accor- dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- ization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade TBT Committee. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards 2 E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic Film E1106 Test for Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors E1781 Practice for Secondary Calibration ofAcoustic Emis- sion Sensors NOTE 1This standard defines the terminology used in the standards prepared by Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and published in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volumes 03.03 and 03.04. 3. Significance and Use 3.1 The terms found in this standard are intended to be used unily and consistently in all nondestructive testing stan- dards. The purpose of this standard is to promote a clear understanding and interpretation of the NDT standards in which they are used. 4. Terminology 4.1 DefinitionsThe definitions provided below have been broken up into sections; each section is arranged in alphabeti- cal order. Section A Common NDT Terms The terms defined in Section A are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.92, Editorial Review. acceptable quality levelthe maximum percent defective or the maximum number of units defective per hundred units that, for the purpose of sampling test, can be considered satisfactory as a process average. calibration, instrument, nthe comparison of an instrument with, or the adjustment of an instrument to, a known references often traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST. See also standardization, instrument. cognizant engineering organizationthe company, govern- ment agency or other authority responsible for the design, or end use, of the material or component for which nondestruc- tive testing is required. DISCUSSIONIn addition to design personnel, the cognizant engineer- ing organization could include personnel from engineering, material and process engineering, stress analysis, nondestructive testing, quality assurance and others, as appropriate. defect, none or more flaws whose aggregate size, shape, orientation, location, or properties do not meet specified acceptance criteria and are rejectable. discontinuity, na lack of continuity or cohesion; an inten- tional or unintentional interruption in the physical structure or configuration of a material or component. uationdetermination of whether a relevant indication is cause to accept or to reject a material or component. examination, na procedure for determining a property or properties or other conditions or characteristics of a material or component by direct or indirect means. DISCUSSIONExamples include utilization of X-rays or ultrasonic waves for the purpose of determining directly or by calculation flaw content, density, or for ultrasound modulus; or detection of flaws by induction of eddy currents, observing thermal behavior, AE response, or utilization of magnetic particles or liquid penetrants. false indication, nan NDT indication that is interpreted to be caused by a condition other than a discontinuity or imper- fection. flaw, nan imperfection or discontinuity that may be detect- able by nondestructive testing and is not necessarily reject- able. flaw characterization, nthe process of quantifying the size, shape, orientation, location, growth, or other properties, of a flaw based on NDT response. imperfection, na departure of a quality characteristic from its intended condition. indicationthe response or evidence from a nondestructive examination. DISCUSSIONAn indication is determined by interpretation to be relevant, non-relevant, or false. inspection, nsee preferred term examination. interpretationthe determination of whether indications are relevant or nonrelevant. interpretation, nthe determination of whether indications are relevant, nonrelevant, or false. Nondestructive uationsee Nondestructive Testing. Nondestructive Examinationsee Nondestructive Testing. Nondestructive Inspectionsee Nondestructive Testing. Nondestructive Testing NDT, nthe development and ap- plication of technical s to examine materials or components in ways that do not impair future usefulness and serviceability in order to detect, locate, measure and uate flaws; to assess integrity, properties and composition; and to measure geometrical characteristics. nonrelevant indication, nan NDT indication that is caused by a condition or type of discontinuity that is not rejectable. False indications are non-relevant. 2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume ination, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website. E1316 19 2 Copyright ASTM International Provided by IHS Markit under license with ASTM LicenseeZhejiang Institute of Standardization/5956617001, Userxw, c Not for Resale, 03/27/2019 193211 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS --,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,--,,,,,,,--- 济南中船设备有限公司 reference standard, na material or object for which all relevant chemical and physical characteristics are known and measurable, used as a comparison for, or standardization of, equipment or instruments used for nondestructive testing. See also standardization, instrument. relevant indication, nan NDT indication that is caused by a condition or type of discontinuity that requires uation. standard1 a physical reference used as a basis for com- parison or calibration; 2 a concept that has been established by authority, custom, or agreement to serve as a model or rule in the measurement of quality or the establishment of a practice or procedure. standardization, instrument, nthe adjustment of an NDT instrument using an appropriate reference standard, to obtain or establish a known and reproducible response. This is usually done prior to an examination, but can be carried out anytime there is concern about the examination or instru- ment response. See also calibration, instrument. test, nsee preferred term examination. Section B Acoustic Emission AE Terms The terms defined in Section B are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on Acoustic Emission . acoustic emission AEthe class of phenomena whereby transient stress/displacement waves are generated by the rapid release of energy from localized sources within a material, or the transient waves so generated. DISCUSSIONAcoustic emission is the recommended term for general use. Other terms that have been used inAE literature include 1 stress wave emission, 2 microseismic activity, and 3 emission or acoustic emission with other qualifying modifiers. acoustic emission channelsee channel, acoustic emission. acoustic emission count emission count Nsee count, acoustic emission. acoustic emission count ratesee count rate, acoustic emis- sion emission rate or count rate N . acoustic emission eventsee event, acoustic emission. acoustic emission event energysee energy, acoustic event. acoustic emission mechanism or acoustic emission source mechanisma dynamic process or combination of pro- cesses occurring within a material, generating acoustic emission events. AE source mechanisms can be subdivided into several categories material and mechanical, macro- scopic and microscopic, primary and secondary. DISCUSSIONExamples of macroscopic material AE source mecha- nisms in metals are incremental crack advancements, plastic dea- tion development and fracture of inclusions. Friction and impacts are examples of mechanical AE. A crack advancement can be considered a primary AE mechanism while a resulting crack surface friction can be considered as a secondary AE mechanism. acoustic emission sensorsee sensor, acoustic emission. acoustic emission signal amplitudesee signal amplitude, acoustic emission. acoustic emission signal emission signalsee signal, acous- tic emission. acoustic emission signature signaturesee signature, acoustic emission. acoustic emission transducersee sensor, acoustic emission. acoustic emission waveguidesee waveguide, acoustic emis- sion. acousto-ultrasonics AUa nondestructive examination that uses induced stress waves to detect and assess diffuse defect states, damage conditions, and variations of mechanical properties of a test structure. The AU combines aspects of acoustic emission AE signal analysis with ultrasonic materials characterization techniques. active sourceone which exhibits increasing cumulative AE activity with increasing or constant stimulus. adaptive locationsource location by iterative use of simu- lated sources in combination with computed location. AE activity, nthe presence of acoustic emission during a test. AE amplitudesee dB AE . AE rms, nthe rectified, time averaged AE signal, measured on a linear scale and reported in volts. AE signal durationthe time betweenAE signal start andAE signal end. AE signal endthe recognized termination of an AE signal, usually defined as the last crossing of the threshold by that signal. AE signal generatora device which can repeatedly induce a specified transient signal into an AE instrument. AE signal rise timethe time betweenAE signal start and the peak amplitude of that AE signal. AE signal startthe beginning of an AE signal as recognized by the system processor, usually defined by an amplitude excursion exceeding threshold. AE source intensityaverage energy, counts or amplitude per hit. array, na group of two or more AE sensors positioned on a structure for the purposes of detecting and locating sources. The sources would normally be within the array. arrival time interval t ij see interval, arrival time. attenuation, nthe gradual loss of acoustic emission wave energy as a function of distance through absorption, scattering, diffraction and geometric spreading. DISCUSSIONAttenuation can be measured as the decrease in AE amplitude or other AE signal parameter per unit distance. E1316 19 3 Copyright ASTM International Provided by IHS Markit under license with ASTM LicenseeZhejiang Institute of Standardization/5956617001, Userxw, c Not for Resale, 03/27/2019 193211 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS --,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,--,,,,,,,--- 济南中船设备有限公司 average signal level, nthe rectified, time averaged AE logarithmic signal, measured on the AE amplitude logarith- mic scale and reported in dB ae units where 0 dB ae refers to 1 V at the preamplifier . broadband or wideband AE sensoran AE sensor which, when calibrated in accordance with Test E1106 or Practice E1781, exhibits a displacement or velocity response over several hundred kHz with a coefficient of variation of the response in V/m or V/m/s that does not exceed 50. burst emissionsee emission, burst. channel, acoustic emissionan assembly of a sensor, pream- pl